One Forest, Thirteen Managers, and theAnimals That Recognise None of Them
In the mountains behind Da Lat, more than 300,000 hectares of continuous forest are divided among thirteen management units. A conference in November 2026 heard that some of Vietnam's rarest animals live on every side of those lines, and that the money to protect them is the least secure part of the plan.
For two days in November 2026 the people who run the forests of the Southern Annamites sat in one room in Da Lat. The conference was co-chaired by Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park and the Institute of Advanced Technology, with technical support from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, and it drew forest owners, provincial departments, scientists, financial institutions and organisations including IUCN, GIZ, Re:wild, SNV and WWF [1],[2]. The first presentation ended on a slide that read: 13 management units, no borders for wildlife, one landscape [3]. Behind it stood camera-trap surveys that began in 2019 and now cover 600 stations and 100,000 camera-trap nights [4].
Photo 1. Early sun breaking through mountain forest, with straight pine trunks on the left and broadleaved evergreen trees on the right. The two kinds of forest grow side by side across the plateau behind Da Lat.
This article sets out what was presented in Da Lat and checks it against published sources. Where a figure could not be traced, or where two sources disagree, it says so.
• One forest on thirteen maps
The landscape lies where three provinces meet, Lam Dong, Dak Lak and Khanh Hoa as they have been drawn since the mergers of 1 July 2025 [5]. It rises from about 30 metres above sea level to 2,442 metres at Chu Yang Sin, the highest point in the southern Annamites [3],[6]. Within it the conference counts more than 300,000 hectares of continuous forest, comparatively little fragmented, with large blocks that remain intact and remote [3].
Thirteen bodies manage it [3]. Three are national parks: Chu Yang Sin, with 58,947 hectares when it was created in 2002, Bidoup-Nui Ba, with 69,663 hectares, and Phuoc Binh, with 19,814 hectares [6],[7],[8]. One is a nature reserve, Hon Ba, of nearly 19,300 hectares [9]. The others are protection forests under state management boards and four state forestry companies [3]. The distinction is a legal one. Vietnamese law classes forest as special-use, protection or production forest. National parks and nature reserves are special-use forest, kept mainly to conserve natural ecosystems; protection forest exists mainly to guard water and soil, and production forest to supply forest products [10].
The count itself shows how tangled the map is. The slides list three national parks, one nature reserve, six protection forests and four forestry companies, which makes fourteen, under thirteen management units; the map carries thirteen names, one of them, Da Nhim, twice [3]. On their official areas the parks and the reserve add up to about 168,000 hectares, so if the forest block exceeds 300,000 hectares, more than two fifths of it lies outside them.
13 - management units share one block of more than 300,000 hectares of continuous forest
Figure 1. The management units of the Southern Annamites landscape as mapped at the conference: three national parks and a nature reserve, five protection forests, one of them in two blocks, and four state forestry companies [3]. Outlines are redrawn from the conference map and are deliberately coarse.
The idea of treating them together is older than the conference. The decision that created Phuoc Binh National Park in 2006 already instructed it to coordinate with Bidoup-Nui Ba so that the two would form one large conservation area [8]. Twenty years later, working across boundaries was the title of one of the conference's four discussion groups [3].
• A mountain block with its own species
Ornithologists drew a line around these mountains long ago. BirdLife International treats the plateau as an Endemic Bird Area of its own, defined by eight bird species with small ranges [11].
The conference put the bird list at more than 350 species and probably 400 [3]. Bidoup-Nui Ba alone had reported 363 by 2024, along with 2,077 vascular plants and more than 131 mammals [12]. A review by ornithologists in 2020 concluded that no other isolated mountain block in South-East Asia has as many endemic bird species [13]. One of them, the collared laughingthrush, lives only here, between about 1,500 and 2,440 metres. It is listed as Endangered, and trapping for the songbird trade is the main threat [14].
2,000 to 10,000 - adult collared laughingthrushes are thought to remain, all of them on the Da Lat plateau
Photo 2. A rusty-naped pitta, duoi cut dau hung in Vietnamese, on a mossy log. The species is a bird of moist mountain forest and is listed as Least Concern, with a decreasing population [15]. Photo: Tai Minh.
The plants change with height. On Chu Yang Sin, lowland semi-evergreen and evergreen forest gives way above about 800 metres to montane evergreen forest of the oak and laurel families mixed with conifers, and on summits and ridge lines to low elfin forest [6]. One of the conifers is Krempf's pine, an unusual pine with broad, flattened
needles that grows nowhere but the mountains of these provinces, almost all of it inside Bidoup-Nui Ba [16]. The open pine woods that visitors to Da Lat know are something else: stands of Pinus kesiya that repeated burning keeps in place and that would otherwise revert to evergreen forest [17].
Smaller animals and plants are still being named. In 2023 three plants known only from the plateau were placed in a new genus, Langbiangia, by a team led by Luu Hong Truong, who gave the conference's first presentation [18]. His slides count more than 78 amphibian and about 90 reptile species and give these as about 40 and 25 per cent of
Vietnam's totals [3]. The counts closely match those published for Bidoup-Nui Ba alone in 2020 [19]. The shares look generous: the Reptile Database lists 587 reptile species for Vietnam, of which 90 would be about 15 per cent [20].
Figure 2. Forest belts from the foothills to the summits, and the altitudes of two birds found only on this plateau. Belts after the sourcebook accounts and the WWF ecoregion profile [6],[17],[21]; bird altitudes from BirdLife International [14],[22]. Schematic.
A second figure from the same talk, a forest carbon sink of about 3.7 tonnes per hectare a year measured by a flux tower in the park between December 2022 and February 2024, has no published source that could be found [3].
• What 100,000 camera-trap nights recorded
Most of what is known about the larger animals comes from camera traps. By the usual convention, photographs of the same species at one station within an hour of each other count as a single independent record [23]. The first survey across the whole of Bidoup-Nui Ba, begun in 2019, found at least 21 mammal species, seven of them globally
threatened [24]. By 2026 the work had reached 600 stations, 150 of them revisited, in parks, protection forests and company forest alike [4].
The headline species is the large-antlered muntjac, a Critically Endangered deer whose main threat is hunting [25]
.
The cameras produced 53 independent records from eight management units, and the presenters called the population the largest known in Vietnam [4]. IUCN's Green Status assessment agrees that it is probably the largest in the country, with two cautions: the animals live at very low densities, and the largest known population anywhere is in Laos [26].
Germain's peacock-pheasant, found only in southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia and listed as Vulnerable since 2023 because of forest conversion and snaring, was recorded 105 times in six units [27],[4]. The Annamite striped rabbit was unknown in these mountains until cameras in Bidoup-Nui Ba photographed it 20 times at three stations, about 300 kilometres south of its mapped range [28],[29].
Where the records came from matters as much as how many there were. Of the eight units with large-antlered muntjac, three are national parks or the nature reserve, two are protection forests and three are forestry companies; for the pheasant the split is three and three [4]. The slides do not say how many records each unit produced or how evenly the cameras were spread, so a unit missing from a list has not been shown to lack the species.
5 of 8 - management units with large-antlered muntjac records are protection forests or forestry companies
Part of this work has been published. A 2024 paper on the Langbian plateau recorded 46 species of ground-dwelling mammals and birds and estimated that 16 per cent of the original community had already been lost [30].
Photo 3. A northern red muntjac, which IUCN describes as resilient to hunting [31]. Camera-trap image: Lak Protection Forest Management Board, Institute of Advanced Technology, Southern Institute of Ecology and Leibniz-IZW.
Figure 3. Management units from which the conference reported camera-trap records of two threatened species, 2019 to 2026. Five of the eight units with large-antlered muntjac records lie outside the parks and the reserve [4].
• Protected on paper, emptied by wire
The losses have a known cause. Wire snares catch whatever walks into them, and they are set in numbers that are hard to picture: a WWF report in 2020 estimated 12.3 million in the protected areas of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam [32]. A study comparing snared forest in the Annamites with logged forest in Borneo found 55.6 per cent of species functionally extinct in the first and 11.1 per cent in the second [33].
Removing snares helps less than might be hoped. In the Saola nature reserves of Hue and Quang Nam, patrols took out 118,151 snares in 3,040 patrol days between 2011 and 2021 [34]. The share of the area holding snares fell by 36.9 per cent, all of it in the first five years, and 31.4 per cent of the area still held snares at the end [35],[34]. The conference slides round these figures to 35 and 30 per cent [4].
31.4% - of the area patrolled still held snares after eleven years and 118,151 snares removed
The most uncomfortable result shown in Da Lat is not yet published. A national analysis by the same team, described on the slides as in revision at the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, compares camera-trap results from ten national parks, nine nature reserves, nine protection forests and two forestry companies. According to the slides, protected areas "do not differ significantly in species richness", some forests outside the special-use system hold more threatened species than certain nature reserves, and larger protected areas hold more species [4]. No paper or preprint could be found, so these statements cannot yet be checked.
Photo 4. A wild pig rooting in leaf litter. In a baseline survey of 21 protected areas for a USAID-funded project, the most prevalent species were those most resilient to hunting, such as macaques, ferret badgers and wild pigs [36]. Camera-trap image: as Photo 3.
• Who pays for the forest
The case for paying begins with water. Bidoup-Nui Ba is the source of two river systems, the Dong Nai and the Srepok [37]. The Da Nhim river, which drains the east of the park, feeds the Da Nhim hydropower plant, in service since 1964, and the plant's outflow irrigates more than 16,000 hectares of farmland in what was Ninh Thuan province [17],[38]. Far downstream, Ho Chi Minh City takes about 60 per cent of its water-supply capacity from the Dong Nai [39]. IUCN's speaker called the landscape the roof of the region [40].
Vietnam already charges for this. Payments for forest environmental services, piloted under a 2008 decision with Lam Dong as one of two test provinces, oblige hydropower plants, water suppliers and some other users to pay the owners of the forest upstream [41],[42]. In Lam Dong hydropower supplied 95 per cent of receipts between 2009 and
2021 [43]. State forest owners there hold more than 90 per cent of the area paid for and contract most of the guarding to more than 13,000 households and communities [42]; Bidoup-Nui Ba alone contracts out 45,896 hectares [44].
One table shown in Da Lat needs a correction. It gives Lam Dong 268,146 hectares and VND 96.7 billion, or USD 14 per hectare, and Dak Lak 715,296 hectares and VND 471.7 billion, USD 25 per hectare, against USD 17 nationally [40]. The provinces' own reports suggest the two rows have changed places: Dak Lak's fund paid out over VND 96.7 billion for just over 268,145 hectares in 2025, while Lam Dong collected more than VND 477 billion on over 701,000 hectares [45],[46].
A second slide says Vietnam spends more on conservation than any other ASEAN country, USD 13.44 per hectare of protected area against an average of USD 5.29 [40]. The figures match a 2015 news report of a study of protected areas in seven ASEAN countries and China. They are more than ten years old, and the same study rated Vietnam's protected areas 132 per cent under-funded and 248 per cent under-staffed [47].
Figure 4. The three pillars proposed by IUCN Viet Nam and the money behind each [40], with the path that forest-service payments take in Lam Dong, from water users to the households contracted to patrol [43],[42]. Schematic.
IUCN proposed three pillars and was plain about which of them has money [40],[48]. Law enforcement can draw on forest-service payments and the State budget, whose norm for protecting special-use forest averages VND 150,000 per hectare a year [49]. Wildlife monitoring relies on research institutes and foreign technical help, and rewilding is marked as needing international assistance [40]. Project money is the kind that stops: wildlife ranger patrols in Vietnam were among the work that lost support when USAID's contracts were terminated in early 2025 [50].
No final document from the conference could be found when this article was written. The park's report lists four proposals from its director, Ton Thien An: long-term programmes, monitoring at the scale of the landscape, sustainable financing and cooperation across boundaries [1]. Lam Dong's vice chairman, Nguyen Ngoc Phuc, said the province was ready to consider suitable proposals [2].
The Southern Annamites are not an unexplored wilderness. They are mapped, named, divided into thirteen units and surveyed at 600 camera stations, and the records show a Critically Endangered deer living on both sides of the line between national park and forestry company. The animals already use the forest as one place. Whether the patrols, the monitoring and the money can be organised as one is the question the conference left with three provinces, and it can only be answered there.
• References
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